Art

leges', J. A. Kershaw points out that education is second only to national defence as a consumer of resources.

Unfortunately, however, the high capital investment has not been used to displace labour but has been accompanied by a large increase in manpower per student. Kershaw concludes that, both in schools and colleges, 'the student-teacher ratio will almost surely have to rise in the future under the impact of the rapid growth in enrolments'. (P. 306.)

Kershaw also comes very close to advocating that the more intractable youth should be excluded from school altogether. are virtually ineducable and Some youngsters, he are in schools merely to keep them off the streets.

The job has to be done, Kershaw thinks, but he asks why it has to be done by the schools.

What is implicit here is a process of creaming off the more able and/or the more passive working-class children and keeping the rest 'off the streets' in some kind of noneducating institution.

Or, in other words, the future unemployed are to be institutionalized from childhood!

The well-known brass-hat Admiral Hyman G. Rickover is quoted as having called for standardized Federal examinations to be given to all children to show how 'good a job' the schools are doing. research should be student attainment tests given at the time of admission to universities and repeated at the time of graduation.' (P. 322.)

The same line is pursued by C. F. Carter in his paper 'Can we get British Higher Education Cheaper ? ':

"The general virtue of the smaller class is unproved' (P. 331)

'Could we get higher education cheaper by having fewer academic staff ? ' (P. 331.)

"The arguments used to justify the quantity of research are uniformly bad.' (P. 334.)

It is not enough to say that the search for knowledge is a contribution to civilization, to be valued in its own right, irrespective of any economic justification.' (P. 335.)

'We could get higher education cheaper if we could house it in cheaper buildings, or if we could use buildings more intensively? (P. 336.)

'It has been right to direct the search for cost reductions mainly to expenditure on teaching staff.' (P. 338.)

Finally, in Part_5 of this volume, Professor Jack Wiseman, Professor of Economics at York university, argues that state action in the field of education should merely provide subsidies to parents rather han provide a free educatior ›ut of taxes. He advocates 'educational vouchers' which would be distributed to parents.

These would have a prescribed purchasing power over education services to be suppleCulture and Socialism and a Manifesto Art and Revolution An article compiled by the author from a talk he gave to a Moscow club on February 3, 1926, and a number of other addresses.

The Manifesto, appearing in 1938 under the signatures of André Breton and Diego Rivera was in fact drawn up in collaboration with Trotsky. Price: Two shillings and sixpence Available from Clapham High Street, London SW4 Among the contributors to the Dada magazines 39l' and 'Litterature are Tristan Tzara (front row, far left) André Breton (front row, far right) Louis Aragon (third row, far left) and Paul Eluard (third row, centre), all of whom joined the Communist Party. only means of really liberating the spirit.

In 1927 Breton, Aragon, luard and others joined the French Communist Party but left a year later when Trotsky was expelled from the Soviet Breton remained an opposition communist and supporter of Trotsky right through he worst years of the 1930s and beyond but most of the others capitulated to the Stalinists (Aragon, Eluard, Tzara) or the right wing (Salvador Dali). 'THE Surrealist Revolution in France' is an academic literary study in the worst

MOCRISIS Comprehensive education is no more 'socialist' education than 'socialist' industry. Nevertheless it marked a big step forward the grammar school. Above: A sixth-form discussion.

Friday, October CHILDREN THE PUBLICATION of the right-wing Tory document 'Black Paper Two' heralds a period of tion at Il and the snobbery of the grammar school.

Now, with monetary crises rocking the capitalist system to its foundations, the concessions of the welfare state period must be taken back from the working class. Education, which occupies a place nursery education on a fee paying basis'. (Workers' Press, September 30).

Behind Labour's cuts, and the Tories' proposed cuts, come the stone-age measures of the 'Black Paper' It is a chain reaction.

THREE from selection at 1l and the snobbery of the nationalized British Railways is Supplement of the same date, in which Professor Peters says:

'It might be argued that the "Black Papers" have done a service in making criticisms of current trends more acceptable.' If the teachers are not suc-